Sejarah Perkembangan Hukum Islam:Dari Zaman Nabi Sampai Zaman Kontemporer

Abstract

This article examines the historical development of Islamic law from the prophetic period to the contemporary era, highlighting its dynamic and adaptive nature in responding to changing social, political, and cultural contexts. Using a qualitative historical approach based on library research, the study analyzes primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith collections, and classical juristic works, alongside modern scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that Islamic law was initially formed through direct revelation and prophetic practice, establishing a normative foundation for Muslim society. Following the Prophet’s death, the Companions employed ijtihad, qiyas, and consensus to address new legal challenges arising from territorial expansion and social complexity. The subsequent periods witnessed the emergence of major schools of Islamic jurisprudence and the systematization of usul al-fiqh, which shaped classical Islamic legal thought. Although a tendency toward stagnation appeared in the later medieval period, modern reform movements revitalized Islamic law through contextual ijtihad and the maqasid al-shari‘ah approach. In the contemporary era, Islamic law continues to evolve through national legislation, interdisciplinary scholarship, and engagement with global issues, demonstrating its enduring relevance and flexibility.